Travkin HSPT, Optics

Optics - Nonlinear Electrodynamics, Second Harmonic Generation, and Scaling Approach

This is the fascinating physical field for the multiscale description, modeling and design of new solid state devices. We have been only making the first steps toward the theory of VA optics multiscale nonlinear formulations and mathematics. There are some first theoretical texts and solutions we had been produced anyway.

Meanwhile, some interesting facts, the theoretical (based on the published one scale solutions) as well as experimental findings have been already put into the NRIM (Negative Refractive Index Materials) subsection, please, look below. Those experimental facts are many more, albeit the explanations sought in the one scale arena. Still, the NRIM is such straight experimental prove of the two-scaled composites optical behavior.

Also, in the Laser Optics subsection people would find some techniques researchers are using right now, and this can be the very nice multiatomic problems formulation for the Laser Optics. People in Laser Optics don't know how to approach to the collective behavior problems. There have been published firstly in this website the Russian and the English texts of a good piece of work as the preliminary study for the two-scale description.

Optics - Nonlinear Electrodynamics, Second Harmonic Generation, and Scaling Approach

In Nonlinear Optics there is already exists the nonlocal description models when raising from the nanoscale (even atomic scale) description to the larger scale. The one which consists of the main set of governing equations which is the base of "pseudo-nonlocal" description, for example of polarization field. That is being modeled mostly (and here, only as an example) as the lump sum mechanism - which is not, as readers know.

When an electromagnetic field is applied to a material, the response of the material through the polarization (i.e. the induced dipole moment per unit volume) described as

MATH

where $\varepsilon _{0}$ is the vacuum permittivity and is the susceptibility tensor of the material.

Note - Yes, this is non-local assessment. The weak spot in here - that the non-local polarization developed and used inconsistently with the Maxwell's local equations later!

Often the local response approximations applied (i.e. the response is considered to depend only on the field at the space coordinate $\QTR{bf}{r}$ ). In this case we can write

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If the material is nonlinear then the usual method to apply is that the susceptibility can be expanded in powers of the electric field and the polarization field can be written

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and then used in the Maxwell's equations and numerous coupled modes can be formulated and studied.

Note - later on again the expansion with the only second term used ?? Not like in the VAT.

The response of a material (the polarization) then used in the Maxwell's equations and numerous coupled modes can be formulated and studied. In case of second order nonlinearities three waves are mixed by the coupled nonlinear wave equations. This so-called three wave mixing is responsible for the usual second order effects like the second harmonic generation, etc. The basic equations starting with are Maxwell's equations for non-magnetic materials

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and the material equations

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where $\sigma ,$ the specific conductivity, and where $\QTR{bf}{P}_{ne}$ is the nonlinear part of the polarization field. Following Yariv (1975) and Yariv and Yeh (1984) the polarization is often written in the following form

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using only the term for nonlinear polarization input as

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where $P_{i}^{r}$ and $E_{i}^{r}$ are the i-th components of the field, and where summation over repeated indices is assumed. The superscript indicates that these fields are real fields that can be expressed in terms of their complex amplitudes

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where c.c. means the complex conjugate.

Consider the two fields at frequencies $\omega _{1}$ and $\omega _{2}$

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and MATH

Taking only the frequency terms the polarization becomes

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where it is assumed that MATH

For case of second harmonic generation where the field components and are the components of the same field, then

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with summation over repeated indices. Anyway, the second order effect is given by

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Then the usual wave equation for the electric field can be seen as

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where

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is the linear part of the dielectric constant of the material.

Introducing the complex amplitudes and considering for simplicity a scalar approximation the real field amplitude is given by

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then, after multiple assumptions the wave equation can be written as (Skettrup, 1990)

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where

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We see here that with this interpretation of the nonlinear Maxwell's equations - the $P_{ne}^{r}$ - term acts as a source term in the electric field.

So, the generation is allowed based on the lower scale physical mechanisms.

The obvious cause of the generation via the Second Harmonic involvement appears to be the natural mechanisms delivering models for composite, irregular, simply ordinary media with defects, including also interfaces. "The second harmonic (SH) signal is generated because of the discontinuities occurring at the surface"... - Coutaz (1990).

For the metal with plane surface the incident strong EM field causes the expression for the NL polarization inside the metal close to its surface (Coutaz, (1990)

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where and

Note- this expression is actually also the somehow averaged value of the Lower scale volumetric polarization in a metal.

Other numerous features, for example, like regarding the modes in Optical Fibers which have the self-prepared SHG - "since in theory all such second-order nonlinear optical processes are disallowed" (Weinberger, 1990; p. 162) are interesting for study in terms of the Heterogeneous Polarization and the interscale communication.

some CONCLUSONS

We have here noticed only few features among the non-linear Optics phenomena described with mixing of scales. We will be adding from time to time interesting introductory comments related to multiscaled phenomena description in Optics, as we have done so in some below subsections.

References:

Flytzanis, C., Hache, F., Klein, M.C., Ricard, D., and Roussignol, Ph., (1991), "Nonlinear Optics in Composite Materials. 1. Semiconductors and Metal Crystallites in Dielectrics," Chap. V in Progress in Optics, Vol. XXIX, E.Wolf, ed., Elsevier Science Publ., Amsterdam, pp. 321-411.

Frisch, U., Wave Propagation in Random Media. II. Multiple Scattering by n Bodies, Institut d'Astrophysique, Paris, 1965.

Harper, P.G. and Wherret, B.S., (Eds.), Nonlinear Optics, Academic Press, London, 1977.

Keller, O., ed., Nonlinear Optics in Solids, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990.

Rytov, S.M., Kravtsov, Yu.A., and Tatarskii, V.I., Principles of Statistical Radiophysics, Vol. 3, Random Fields, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1989.

Rytov, S.M., Kravtsov, Yu.A., and Tatarskii, V.I., Principles of Statistical Radiophysics, Vol. 4, Wave Propagation Through Random Media, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1989.

Shen, Y.R., The principles of Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984.

Skettrup, T., "Second Order Nonlinear Optical Effects," in Nonlinear Optics in Solids, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 8-23, 1990.

Soukoulis, C.M., ed., (1993), Photonic Band Gaps and Localization, Plenum, New York.

Soukoulis, C.M., ed., (1996), Photonic Band Gap Materials, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 729 p.

Weinberger, D.-A., "Second Harmonic Generation in optical Fibers," in Nonlinear Optics in Solids, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 162-184, 1990.

Ufimtsev, P.Ya., The Method of Edge Waves in the Physical Theory of Diffraction, US Air Forse, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 1971.

Yariv, A., Quantum Electronics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1975.

Yariv, A. and Yeh, P., Optical Waves in Crystals, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984.